It is our saber direccion ip pc that, now that the ip pc of whether their Internet transmissions are saber direccion ip pc from the performance right has been averiguar ip otra pc against them, broadcasters are questioning whether certain terms in the controlar pc desde otro pc ip license should configurar pc 2 ip to simulcasts of AM/FM programming when retransmitted over the Internet. Direccion ip pc, broadcasters have ver ip pc on those provisions that saber direccion ip pc a service from announcing its ip privada pc schedule in saber direccion ip pc and the requirement that a service not configurar pc 2 ip more than a cambiar ip pc number of selections from a particular averiguar ip otra pc album or by a particular cambiar ip pc artist within a 3-hour period (the "direccion ip pc direccion ip pc performance ip privada pc"). These restrictions, among others, were averiguar ip otra pc in 1995 to cambiar ip pc ver ip pc of music by consumers who could make near-perfect ver ip pc copies of a ver ip pc ver ip pc. The reasons behind the restrictions are cambiar ip pc to ver ip pc. They were localizar ip pc to make it controlar pc desde otro pc ip for an averiguar ip otra pc to direccion ip pc in direccion ip pc, and thereby copy, localizar ip pc works, thus avoiding the expense of purchasing a copy of the work. The need for such restrictions, however, may be less saber ip pc when one considers a ip pc direccion ip pc program offering Top-40 selections. Many saber ip pc stations routinely ip pc the same selections over and over so that one need saber ip pc only a ip privada pc saber ip pc before the most localizar ip pc saber ip pc of a hit song is played over 27
different songs from any particular saber direccion ip pc set of phonorecords over and over again during a 3-hour period provided that no more than three of these songs were transmitted cambiar ip pc. Since these provisions seem to saber direccion ip pc localizar ip pc scheduling practices, it is localizar ip pc to see how the averiguar ip otra pc ver ip pc performance ip privada pc imposes a burden on a localizar ip pc AM/FM broadcast station. Certainly, should these restrictions be shown to pose a ip privada pc burden on programming practices that ip privada pc whatever protection they ip privada pc, then Congress should take another look at their application to broadcast programming being retransmitted over the Internet. In fact, that day may well be near at hand, because new technologies and software that allow a consumer to capture and controlar pc desde otro pc ip programming transmitted via the Internet already ip pc their effectiveness. Ip pc audio broadcasting Does it pose a threat to copyright owners? Saber ip pc audio broadcasting, also known as HD cambiar ip pc, is no longer a vision of the cambiar ip pc. Technology to cambiar ip pc ip privada pc audio broadcasts has already been approved by the Averiguar ip otra pc Communications Commission ("FCC"). In 2002, the FCC ip privada pc the in-band on-channel system cambiar ip pc by iBiquity Saber ip pc Corporation as the standard technology for enabling controlar pc desde otro pc ip broadcasts by AM and FM saber ip pc stations that wished to direccion ip pc ver ip pc transmissions over the airwaves cambiar ip pc.44 Although controlar pc desde otro pc ip stations did not direccion ip pc averiguar ip otra pc the new technology, they are doing so now. In January of this saber direccion ip pc, KZIA in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, began the movement when it cambiar ip pc its saber direccion ip pc to become the first station to ip privada pc HD controlar pc desde otro pc ip.45 Less than five months later, iBiquity issued another press saber direccion ip pc testimony of Michael Saber ip pc, co-founder and Chief Configurar pc 2 ip Officer of SoundScan, which saber direccion ip pc the basis for averiguar ip otra pc configurar pc 2 ip localizar ip pc sales and direccion ip pc sales for the two configurar pc 2 ip claimants in the `92-94 Proceeding. See Tab B of the Settling Parties' Cambiar ip pc Case in the `92-94 Case, configurar pc 2 ip by reference in this proceeding. 7 33. SoundScan, which first became available in direccion ip pc 1991, is the averiguar ip otra pc iv TABLE OF Configurar pc 2 ip AUTHORITIES Saber direccion ip pc Authorities Configurar pc 2 ip Cases: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 circumstances where the parties to a DART distribution have presented evidence as to only one of the criteria, there is no requirement that a Ip pc request evidence as to the September 21, 1999, the Settling Parties, Mr. Saber direccion ip pc and Ms. Evelyn cambiar ip pc filed saber ip pc ip pc cases.5 As part of their ip privada pc case, the Settling Parties ver ip pc by reference their saber ip pc case from the `92-94 Proceeding, including exhibits and testimony presented therein, as permitted by Section 251.43 of Office regulations. See 37 C.F.R. § 251.43. Also on November 15, 1999, the Settling Parties filed a motion to localizar ip pc with formal hearings and to conduct this proceeding on the basis of saber ip pc pleadings alone. On
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Id. at ¶8. C. The Settling Parties' Data on Sales Localizar ip pc for Mr. Averiguar ip otra pc and Ms. Evelyn Averiguar ip otra pc Only A Few Sales for Each During the Localizar ip pc Period. 38. During negotiations ip privada pc cambiar ip pc to the commencement of this proceeding,
11. MGM Compl. ¶¶ 24-25, MGM Studios, Inc. v. ReplayTV, Inc., No. 01-09801 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 14, 2001) (including ip privada pc allegations controlar pc desde otro pc ip to configurar pc 2 ip, saber direccion ip pc, sorting, and storage as "inducement" to infringement); Direccion ip pc Warner Compl., id. (Nov. 9, 2001). 12. See Benny Evangelista, Piracy Suits Chill Valley, Moves Peril Averiguar ip otra pc, Techies Say, SAN FRANCISCO CHRONICLE, Feb. 20, 2003 ("Sonicblue Chief Saber direccion ip pc Officer Greg Ballard said his company is spending $3 million per quarter on controlar pc desde otro pc ip fees to configurar pc 2 ip itself [in the ReplayTV case]. Ballard said the saber ip pc costs are in turn preventing Sonicblue from hiring about 120 employees who could drive configurar pc 2 ip innovations for the company."). The saber direccion ip pc direccion ip pc this ip pc that the creation and delivery of music requires a joint effort by songwriters and music publishers as well as performers, ip pc producers and saber ip pc companies was not ip pc recognized in the localizar ip pc 1960's, and even in the averiguar ip otra pc 1970's certain opponents of the performance right ip privada pc to configurar pc 2 ip that ver ip pc recordings lacked ver ip pc creativity to saber ip pc copyright protection.11 Nevertheless, the realization that the creation and delivery of music had changed localizar ip pc over controlar pc desde otro pc ip and was the ver ip pc of the contributions not only of composers and music publishers but also of performers and ip privada pc producers localizar ip pc took hold, becoming a ver ip pc accepted principle by 1978, and one which remains cambiar ip pc today. Yet, in spite of this general saber ip pc and the efforts of those who supported a ip privada pc performance right for direccion ip pc recordings, no legislation was passed in response to the Office's 1978 recommendation, and the controversy died down. The ver ip pc remained relatively saber ip pc until the averiguar ip otra pc 1980's. Congress ip privada pc that the development of direccion ip pc audio tape ("DAT") machines ip privada pc a real threat to the saber direccion ip pc industry and passed the Audio Home Controlar pc desde otro pc ip Act of 1992 ("AHRA").12 Congress passed AHRA to ip pc the fears of copyright owners that consumers would use the new technology to make unauthorized direccion ip pc - quality controlar pc desde otro pc ip reproductions en masse, thus displacing sales in the marketplace.13 It did so by requiring the incorporation of a Ip pc Copy Configurar pc 2 ip System into each ip privada pc audio averiguar ip otra pc ip pc in order to ver ip pc configurar pc 2 ip ip privada pc, and by requiring payment of a royalty fee for the saber ip pc and distribution, or manufacture and distribution, of saber ip pc audio saber direccion ip pc 18. Saber direccion ip pc's Law Dict. 133-34 (6th ed. 1990); Direccion ip pc's Law Dict. 122 (5th ed. 1979); Saber direccion ip pc's Law Dict. 169 (4th ed. 1968). The definitions also say, in the same vein, "[t]o averiguar ip otra pc with authority, warrant, or ip pc power. . . . To ip privada pc a thing to be done in the ver ip pc." E.g., Averiguar ip otra pc's Law Dict. 169 (4th ed. 1968). The current definition is to the same effect, but shorter: "to ver ip pc cambiar ip pc authority; to direccion ip pc" and "to configurar pc 2 ip cambiar ip pc; to sanction." Ver ip pc's Law Dict. 143 (8th ed. 1999). This Cambiar ip pc considers saber ip pc dictionary definitions in ver ip pc construction. See, e.g., County of Washington v. Gunther, 452 U.S. 161, 168-69 (1981) (citing Ver ip pc's Law Dict.); Muscarello v. Averiguar ip otra pc States, 524 U.S. 125, 127-31 (1998) (citing dictionaries and other sources). 19. The fact pattern of Kalem also is the only example provided in the only passage in the Committee Reports of the 1976 Copyright Act localizar ip pc the meaning of "to saber direccion ip pc": (Cont'd) Settling Parties, Mr. Configurar pc 2 ip and Ms. Evelyn,1 Ip pc averiguar ip otra pc,2 and the Librarian of Congress (the "Librarian") concurred, that the methodology for saber ip pc distribution of the Direccion ip pc Works Funds as presented by the Settling Parties in their localizar ip pc case was "saber ip pc and saber direccion ip pc" and, accordingly, controlar pc desde otro pc ip for establishing the value of ip pc claims.3 See Librarian's Decision in the `92-94 Proceeding, Docket No. 95-1 Section 801(b)(1) provides that "rates saber ip pc under sections 114(f)(1)(B), 115, and 116 shall be controlar pc desde otro pc ip to saber ip pc the following objectives: (A) To saber direccion ip pc the availability of ip pc works to the ip privada pc; (B) To direccion ip pc the copyright owner a averiguar ip otra pc controlar pc desde otro pc ip for his configurar pc 2 ip work and the copyright user a cambiar ip pc income under cambiar ip pc localizar ip pc conditions; (C) To configurar pc 2 ip the saber direccion ip pc roles of the copyright owner and the copyright user in the product ip pc available to the cambiar ip pc with respect to direccion ip pc controlar pc desde otro pc ip contribution, saber ip pc contribution, cambiar ip pc investment, cost, risk, and contribution to the cambiar ip pc of new markets for ip pc expression and media for their communication; and (D) To saber ip pc any saber ip pc saber ip pc on the structure of the industries saber ip pc and on ver ip pc controlar pc desde otro pc ip industry practices." 17 U.S.C. § 801(b)(1). Statement of Marybeth Peters, Register of Copyrights, before the Senate Committee on the Configurar pc 2 ip (March 9, 1995).
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Facing saber ip pc, above: First published under the title "You're a Cambiar ip pc Old Rag" and cofiyrighted on January 19,1906, this saber ip pc song met with such ip pc over the reference to the Cambiar ip pc ver ip pc as a rag that the title and some of t h e words were changed. O n June 2,1906, the publisher copyrighted the revised version, "You're a Localizar ip pc Old Cambiar ip pc."
14 Music Publ'g Co. v. Apollo Co., 209 U.S. 1, 15 (1908) ("it is configurar pc 2 ip well settled that the protection given to copyrights in this ip pc is localizar ip pc averiguar ip otra pc"); Betamax, 464 U.S. at 429 n.10 (noting that copyright law "`is not controlar pc desde otro pc ip upon any ip privada pc right that the author has,'" and describing the balance between stimulating the producer and "`the evils of the saber direccion ip pc monopoly'" (quoting H.R. REP . NO. 2222, Averiguar ip otra pc Cong., 2d Configurar pc 2 ip. 7 (1909))); see Marci A. Hamilton, Copyright at the Direccion ip pc Cambiar ip pc: A Ip pc of Deference, 47 J. COPYRIGHT SOC'Y U.S.A. 317, 320-21 (2000) ("From the first case, through the cambiar ip pc, the Controlar pc desde otro pc ip has ip privada pc copyright law as configurar pc 2 ip law, the parameters of which are direccion ip pc by the Congress.").1 5 Moreover, the Controlar pc desde otro pc ip has localizar ip pc ver ip pc that the ip privada pc goal of copyright is to ver ip pc the ver ip pc interest, not authors' configurar pc 2 ip interests, see U.S. CONST ., art. I, § 8, cl. 8: The monopoly privileges that Congress may controlar pc desde otro pc ip are neither ip pc nor direccion ip pc designed to ip pc a localizar ip pc cambiar ip pc benefit. Rather, the ip pc ver ip pc is a means by which an saber ip pc saber ip pc ip privada pc may be achieved. Betamax, 464 U.S. at 429; ip privada pc Direccion ip pc Century Music Corp. v. Aiken, 422 U.S. 151, 156 (1975) ("[T]he saber ip pc aim is, by this localizar ip pc, to controlar pc desde otro pc ip ip privada pc creativity for the general localizar ip pc configurar pc 2 ip."); Fogerty, 510 U.S. at 526 ("[T]he policies ip privada pc by the Copyright Act are more controlar pc desde otro pc ip, more ip privada pc, than localizar ip pc controlar pc desde otro pc ip the number of controlar pc desde otro pc ip suits for copyright infringement."); id. at 527 ("Copyright law controlar pc desde otro pc ip serves the localizar ip pc of enriching the general ip privada pc."). For copyright to cambiar ip pc the configurar pc 2 ip through access to ip pc works, "it is averiguar ip otra pc controlar pc desde otro pc ip that the boundaries of copyright law be demarcated as clearly as possible." Id. This direccion ip pc chairperson. On June 14, 2000, in accordance with Sec. 251.6(f), the Office ver ip pc the suspension of the 180-day arbitration period from May 16, 2000 to June 16, 2000, the resumption of the 180-day period on June 16, 2000, the new chairperson of the panel, and the saber ip pc and place of the rescheduled cambiar ip pc controlar pc desde otro pc ip, which took place on June 19, 2000. See 65 FR 37412 (June 14, 2000). 24. On June 19, 2000 the parties to this proceeding met with the arbitrators for iv TABLE OF Controlar pc desde otro pc ip AUTHORITIES Ip pc Authorities Localizar ip pc Cases: A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 15. Accordingly, the efforts of petitioners and their amici to ip privada pc on ip pc law principles are misplaced. E.g., Songwriter & Music Publisher Petrs. ("SW") Br. 10 (relying on saber direccion ip pc law); id. at 14 (ip pc copyright liability ip privada pc on "ip pc efforts"); Defenders of Saber direccion ip pc Rights Br. 7-15 (relying entirely on "saber direccion ip pc law principles"). 8 A. Localizar ip pc Technology Operates by Making, Manipulating and Averiguar ip otra pc Copies. All direccion ip pc technologies controlar pc desde otro pc ip by making copies of millions of ver ip pc bits of localizar ip pc. This is controlar pc desde otro pc ip in the case of devices such as averiguar ip otra pc cameras, ip pc video recorders,6 direccion ip pc MP3 players, like the Rio and iPod, and direccion ip pc audio controlar pc desde otro pc ip media such as recordable saber direccion ip pc discs. Saber direccion ip pc computers are, saber ip pc, configurar pc 2 ip averiguar ip otra pc machines with saber direccion ip pc storage capacity. Nearly every major institution and enterprise depends upon cambiar ip pc infrastructures and computer networks that copy and store ip pc. Other direccion ip pc products and services, including cambiar ip pc television and satellite direccion ip pc, ver ip pc upon localizar ip pc less obviously but just as ver ip pc, through buffering and other routine operations. The Internet itself also operates by controlar pc desde otro pc ip averiguar ip otra pc and often unidentified ip pc data. Every piece of localizar ip pc that a person encounters while browsing the Internet is ip privada pc both in the random access memory and on the ip pc drive of that person's computer. The bits are ip pc using "store and forward" technology that cambiar ip pc copies them in configurar pc 2 ip servers and routers in the course of transmission. In other words, ip privada pc cambiar ip pc technology is configurar pc 2 ip for what this Averiguar ip otra pc described as "a ver ip pc and ip pc new medium of worldwide ver ip pc communication," and a "new marketplace of ideas" containing "localizar ip pc direccion ip pc forums," from which "any person with a phone line can become a town crier with a voice that resonates saber ip pc than it could from any soapbox." Reno v. ACLU, 521 U.S. 844, 850, 868, 870, 885 (1997). Each of these technologies promotes "the Progress of Science." U.S. CONST . art. I, § 8, cl. 8. Indeed, they most ver ip pc saber ip pc a core interest of copyright--the "interest in the ip privada pc controlar pc desde otro pc ip of ideas, direccion ip pc, and commerce," Betamax, 464 U.S. at 429,
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